What Are the Maximum and Minimum

The minimum is the smallest value in the data set. The maximum is the largest value in the data set.  Learn more about how these statistics may not be so trivial. Background A set of quantitative data has many features. One of the goals of statistics is to describe these features with meaningful values and to provide a summary of the data without listing every value of the data set.  Some of these statistics are quite basic and almost seem trivial. The maximum and minimum provide good examples of the type of descriptive statistic that is easy to marginalize. Despite these two numbers being extremely easy to determine, they make appearances in the calculation of other descriptive statistics.  As we have seen, the definitions of both of these statistics are very intuitive.   The Minimum We start by looking more closely at the statistics known as the minimum. This number is the data value that is less than or equal to all other values in our set of data. If we were to order all of our data in ascending order, then the minimum would be the first number in our list. Although the minimum value could be repeated in our data set, by definition this is a unique number. There cannot be two minima because one of these values must be less than the other. The Maximum Now we turn to the maximum. This number is the data value that is greater than or equal to all other values in our set of data. If we were to order all of our data in ascending order, then the maximum would be the last number listed. The maximum is a unique number for a given set of data. This number can be repeated, but there is only one maximum for a data set. There cannot be two maxima because one of these values would be greater than the other. Example The following is an example data set: 23, 2, 4, 10, 19, 15, 21, 41, 3, 24, 1, 20, 19, 15, 22, 11, 4 We order the values in ascending order and see that 1 is the smallest of those in the list. This means that 1 is the minimum of the data set. We also see that 41 is greater than all of the other values in the list.  This means that 41 is the maximum of the data set. Uses of the Maximum and Minimum Beyond giving us some very basic information about a data set, the maximum and minimum show up in the calculations for other summary statistics.   Both of these two numbers are used to calculate the range, which is simply the difference of the maximum and minimum.   The maximum and minimum also make an appearance alongside the first, second, and third quartiles in the composition of values comprising the five number summary for a data set. The minimum is the first number listed as it is the lowest, and the maximum is the last number listed because it is the highest.  Due to this connection with the five number summary, the maximum and minimum both appear on a box and whisker diagram. Limitations of the Maximum and Minimum The maximum and minimum are very sensitive to outliers. This is for the simple reason that if any value is added to a data set that is less than the minimum, then the minimum changes and it is this new value.  In a similar way, if any value that exceeds the maximum is included in a data set, then the maximum will change. For example, suppose that the value of 100 is added to the data set that we examined above. This would affect the maximum, and it would change from 41 to 100. Many times the maximum or minimum are outliers of our data set. To determine if they indeed are outliers, we can use the interquartile range rule.

Write an Essay on Sustainable Development in Which You...

Assignment : no 5 Course : DVA 1501 Unique No : 891095 Due date : 22 March 2013 Title : describe the term sustainable development and discuss any three of the following problems facing sustainable development:erosion,deforestation,pollution and access to resources Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Define and describe ecology 3. Describe Sustainable Development 4. Discuss Erosion, Deforestation and pollution 5. Conclusion Introduction In this assignment different aspects with relation to sustainable development will be defined and discussed. Ecology is the study of earth and it explains issues pertaining to ecology and how it is managed. It is a word that is most often confused with environment. Sustainable Development is a†¦show more content†¦The great issues of health control, appropriate technologies, food, self-reliance, clean water and shelter for all. The notion that people-centred initiatives are needed; human beings in other words, are the resources in the concept†. (Mustafala Tolba, Sustainable development: Constraints and opportunities. London: Butterworth, 1987) in (Jennifer A Elliot, An introduction to sustainable development 1994:3). â€Å"In broad terms the concept of sustainable development encompasses.Help for the very poor because they are left with no option other than to destroy their environment.The idea of self-reliant development within natural resource constraints, the idea of cost effective development using differing economic criteria to the traditional approach, that is to say development should not degrade environmental quality nor should it reduce productivity in the long run. The great issue of health control, appropriate technologies, food, self-reliance, clean water and shelter for all. The notion that people-centred initiatives are needed, human beings, in other words, are the resources in the concept† (Mustafala Tolba, sustainable development; constraints and opportunities, London: Butterworth, 1987) in (Jeniffer A Elliot, An Introduction to sustainable development, 1994:3) Discuss Deforestation, Erosion and PollutionShow MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy and the Contemporary Challenges in Marketing Effectivness: a Case Study15886 Words   |  64 PagesCONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE IN MARKETING EFFECTIVNESS: A case study of Tikur Abay Transport Share Company By: Belay Getachew A senior essay submitted to St. Mary’s University College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Management in Distance Education Division July 2009 Addis Ababa Chapter One Introduction 1. Back ground In present competitive world and business environment things would not move in a steady way and as planned. 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Why Men Are from Mars and Women Are from Venus. Free Essays

Why men are from Mars and women are from Venus. Are there any differences on how women and men talk? This is a question many people ponder on everyday. It is easy to assume that because English belongs to the person who uses it, men and women would likely to talk the same way but that may not be the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Men Are from Mars and Women Are from Venus. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Linguistics experts had proven that shown that men and women communicate in different ways. Speech style, word use, and body language are apparent between men and women. Women focus more on making connections, while men generally focus on public contexts where informative and persuasive talk is highly valued and appreciated. In the essay â€Å"I’ll Explain it to you: Lecturing and Listening† by Deborah Tannen, she believes that even though men and women speak the same lingua franca, but their affirmation of support, conversational patterns and body language are very different. In the earlier years of development, Tannen observes that girls use speech to find confirmation and establish intimacy, whereas boys use speech to assert their independence and attain social status (283-5). In a study by psychologist H. M. Leet-Pellegrini who set to find out how men and women communicate with each other and who is more dominant in a conversation. Tannen 284). When women are listening, they will show support by saying things like â€Å"Yeah† and â€Å"That’s right†, even though they are more knowledgeable than the men on that particular topic (Tannen 283). However, this may not be the case for men. Tannen states that when it is the other way around, men tend to say something like à ¢â‚¬Å"So you’re the expert. † (283). It showed that when women has superior amount of knowledge than the men, â€Å"It will sparked resentment, not respect†, and because of that â€Å"Women are inclined to play down their expertise rather than display it. † (Tannen 283). Women are scared to express their opinion because of what other people will think of them. Tannen feels that men are always trying to grab the leadership role by interrupting, hogging conversations and offering practical information, â€Å"My experience is that if I mention the kind of work I do to women, they usually ask me about it. While men have the tendency of explaining and giving me a lecture on language. † (282-3). In this situation, women find themselves bored and constantly nodding unwillingly as they have been cast as the listener as men lecture them and finds themselves in an asymmetrical conversation (Tannen 288-9). Despite the asymmetrical conversation, in the article Party Line by Rachael Rafelman, she states that women want to be heard. She states that, â€Å"Listening is a part of girl talk since it is at the very center of reciprocal communication. Woman requires it of each other† (Rafelman 320). When a woman talks she gets personal and involved in the conversation, men do not (Rafelman 317). Men love to talk about business and sports so women find the company of men kind of boring (Rafelman 317). It is why some women may find themselves nodding unwilling throughout the conversation. Women on the other hand find comfort in offering and receiving comfort and avoiding confrontation. There’s certainly some truth to this. We can see this everywhere. Which men haven’t had heard his wife or female collogue say to him, â€Å"These shoes are killing me? † When he replies, â€Å"Get some new ones then,† or â€Å"Why are you even wearing them,† she is offended and upset. What he should have said was, â€Å"Oh I know exactly how you feel. Mine are killing me too. † Thus, according to Deborah Tannen’s article, considering these facts, no wonder many women grumble about their partners not listening to them (289). They argument that they made, that the men are not listening to them, is actually because they are not getting the response that they wanted to hear (Tannen 289). Women focus more on making connections; talk and conversation is essential to this process. Women share secrets, relating experiences, revealing problems and discussing options with their close friends. Men generally take another approach; their groups tend to be larger, focusing on activities rather than conversation. Even though men rather focus on activities rather than conversations, it does not mean that men talk less than women. In Janet Holmes’s essay â€Å"Women Talk Too Much,† Janet Holmes claims that even though many people believe that women talk more than men do, men talks just as much, if not even more, especially when talking enhances their status, power or dominant. Even when they hold influential positions, women sometimes find it hard to contribute as much as men to a discussion. † (300). Women are scared to express their opinion because of what other people will think of them and they know that when a woman is superior knowledge, it will sparked resentment, not respect, as stated in Tannen’s article â€Å"I’ll Explain it to you: Lecturing and Listening† (283). Aries found out that found that women who did a lot of talking in a group began to feel uncomfortable; they backed off and frequently drew out quieter members of the group (Tannen 291). It is proven that men talk more than women in public, formal context because they perceive that by participating in the conversation it enhances their status and power. I couldn’t agree with this more because I think that men are always trying to impress somebody and therefore men always want center stage to prove that (Tannen 286). Thus, men generally focus on public contexts where informative and persuasive talk is highly valued and appreciated. In spite of the differences between men and women that Tannen has shown, in the essay â€Å"Sex Differences† by Ronald Macaulay argues that there is no such thing and beyond any other semantic topic, there have been countless absurdity about sex differences. Macaulay states, â€Å"Such stereotypes are often reinforced by works of fiction† (309). Tannen disagrees to this. There are differences on how men and women communicate. Tannen said that, â€Å"Men’s style is more literally focused on the message level of the talk, while women’s is focused on the relationship or metamessage level (289). For women, she wants the listener to engage, give feedback and be interested in showing attentiveness while men wants the listener to be quietly enrapt on what he is saying. An interesting fact that I found out in Tannen’s article, which I agree, is the way the men and women sit. They say that men are all spread out with their legs wide open, while women gathered themselves in (Tannen 285). This could not be truer. When I was in the lecturer hall, I just look around in my class and I see all of the guys all spread out and all the girls are like all curled up. Researches have found out that speakers using open-bodied position are more likely to persuade their audience (Tannen 285). In a nutshell we can conclude that men impose and lecture their side of the story when speaking while women on the other hand have a more open exchange of ideas. Besides that, men do not show any body signals indicating that they are listening but women on the other hand give signs that show their affirmation or support. Lastly, men generally dominate the conversation most of the time while women just listen passively. Work Cited Page. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"I’ll Explain It To You : Lecturing and Listening†. Exploring Language, 11/e. Ed. Gary Goshgarian. New York : Longman, 2005. 281-293. Print. Holmes, Janet. â€Å"Woman Talks Too Much†. Exploring Language, 11/e. Ed. Gary Goshgarian. New York : Longman, 2005. 299-305. Print. Rafelman, Rachel. â€Å"The Party Line†. Exploring Language, 11/e. Ed. Gary Goshgarian. New York : Longman, 2005. 316-321. Print. How to cite Why Men Are from Mars and Women Are from Venus., Papers